![]() In Montréal the opportunity of developing underground pedestrian networks was recognized and taken during the development of major public and private developments along with rail transportation systems (El-Geneidy et al, 2011). Many developments in the second half of the 20th century such as Montreal's RESO, recognized the specific value of underground space development and detailed planning and policy changes were undertaken to capitalize on this. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15 th International scientific conference "Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.709 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (). E-mail address: © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. However there was limited consideration of the impact on future underground space uses. Major historic underground projects such as the London Underground which was initially developed in the 1850s and has been in operation and continues to expand until today, were developed to address a specific issue in this case transportation needs. This has seen significant and very successful projects be implemented providing significant benefits to the population. Historically underground space development has typically occurred on a first-come-first-served basis whereby underground space was consumed as and when a need arose with limited holistic planning. Increasingly the value of underground space for development use is being recognized particularly in urban locations facing increasing demand for additional space creation. Peer-reviewunder responsibilityofthescientificcommitteeofthe15th International scientific conference "Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: Benchmarking, Planning, Policy, Data. This is anopenaccess article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (). Where these are clearly understood and incorporated into the process, underground space planning can be improved and carried out efficiently in a sustainable manner. Issues such as effective identification of colocation opportunities, successful integration of underground with surface developments and requirements for data availability are highlighted and their impact on underground space planning is clarified. Reviewing these global experiences, key factors to improve underground development practices are discussed. Historically underground space has been developed on a first-come-first-served basis around the globe. Underground space development key planning factors Procedía Engineering 165 (2016) 343 - 354 =ġ5th International scientific conference "Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sketch by the author.Available online at ScienceDirect Procedía Carolingian keys (about 750-960) usually have a bow shaped like a cross, a bishop’s miter, or other religious symbols.ħth-century bronze keys. Merovingian keys (about 500-750) are more rough-hewn than their predecessors, revealing a regression in craftsmanship. ![]() Bronze keys from the Migration Age…Įuropean keys in the 6th–9th centuries generally reflect the dominant styles of the era, which makes it relatively easy to determine their age even without access to their locks. Women used keys like this for their jewelry boxes. Photo by the author.Īnother Roman innovation is the tiny key included in a finger ring. Today Saalburg is a museum 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main in Germany. Photo by the author.Īrchaeologists have found many bronze and iron keys in Saalburg, the citadel at the Roman Limes, built to hold off the barbarian invasions. Some keys also reflect the architecture of the day, made not only to fit into a lock, but also to look like the door the lock is in. They were primarily status symbols for those who had property to protect. Sketch by the author.Įarly Roman keys possessed technical finesse and elegance. The original is at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The inscription confirms that it is a temple key. The Greeks are said to have invented the keyhole, while the Romans refined it.Īngled bronze key from the Artemis Hemera temple in Lusoi, Arcadia. One literary source, Homer, speaks of the key to Odysseus’s storeroom. ![]() Women carried the angular bronze keys on one shoulder. In Ancient Greece, keys were used for temple locks and Spartan locks. ![]() The Greek word kleis is the root of the French clef. Greek woman with bronze key on her shoulder. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |